1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Fog Detectors Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Fog Detectors Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Fog Detectors Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Fog Detectors Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Fog Detectors Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global Fog Detectors Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Fog Detectors Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Fog Detectors Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Fog Detectors Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Fog Detectors Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Fog Detectors Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Fog Detectors Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Fog Detectors Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Fog Detectors Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Fog Detectors Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Fog Detectors Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Hardwired Detectors
4.1.3 Battery-operated Detectors
4.2 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type – Global Fog Detectors Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Commercial
5.1.3 Industrial
5.1.4 Residential
5.2 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application – Global Fog Detectors Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region – Global Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country – North America Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country – North America Fog Detectors Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country – Europe Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country – Europe Fog Detectors Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region – Asia Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region – Asia Fog Detectors Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country – South America Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country – South America Fog Detectors Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country – Middle East & Africa Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country – Middle East & Africa Fog Detectors Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE Fog Detectors Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Kidde
7.1.1 Kidde Company Summary
7.1.2 Kidde Business Overview
7.1.3 Kidde Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Kidde Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Kidde Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Honeywell International Inc
7.2.1 Honeywell International Inc Company Summary
7.2.2 Honeywell International Inc Business Overview
7.2.3 Honeywell International Inc Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Honeywell International Inc Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Honeywell International Inc Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Johnson Controls
7.3.1 Johnson Controls Company Summary
7.3.2 Johnson Controls Business Overview
7.3.3 Johnson Controls Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Johnson Controls Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Johnson Controls Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 BRK Brands, Inc.
7.4.1 BRK Brands, Inc. Company Summary
7.4.2 BRK Brands, Inc. Business Overview
7.4.3 BRK Brands, Inc. Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 BRK Brands, Inc. Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 BRK Brands, Inc. Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 Siemens AG
7.5.1 Siemens AG Company Summary
7.5.2 Siemens AG Business Overview
7.5.3 Siemens AG Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 Siemens AG Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 Siemens AG Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 Birdi
7.6.1 Birdi Company Summary
7.6.2 Birdi Business Overview
7.6.3 Birdi Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 Birdi Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 Birdi Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Hochiki Corporation
7.7.1 Hochiki Corporation Company Summary
7.7.2 Hochiki Corporation Business Overview
7.7.3 Hochiki Corporation Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Hochiki Corporation Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Hochiki Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Schneider Electric
7.8.1 Schneider Electric Company Summary
7.8.2 Schneider Electric Business Overview
7.8.3 Schneider Electric Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Schneider Electric Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Schneider Electric Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Xtralis Pty Ltd.
7.9.1 Xtralis Pty Ltd. Company Summary
7.9.2 Xtralis Pty Ltd. Business Overview
7.9.3 Xtralis Pty Ltd. Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Xtralis Pty Ltd. Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Xtralis Pty Ltd. Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Protec Fire Detection Plc
7.10.1 Protec Fire Detection Plc Company Summary
7.10.2 Protec Fire Detection Plc Business Overview
7.10.3 Protec Fire Detection Plc Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Protec Fire Detection Plc Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Protec Fire Detection Plc Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 Nest Labs
7.11.1 Nest Labs Company Summary
7.11.2 Nest Labs Fog Detectors Business Overview
7.11.3 Nest Labs Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 Nest Labs Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.11.5 Nest Labs Key News & Latest Developments
7.12 Robert Bosch LLC
7.12.1 Robert Bosch LLC Company Summary
7.12.2 Robert Bosch LLC Fog Detectors Business Overview
7.12.3 Robert Bosch LLC Fog Detectors Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Robert Bosch LLC Fog Detectors Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.12.5 Robert Bosch LLC Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Fog Detectors Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Fog Detectors Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 Fog Detectors Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Fog Detectors Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Fog Detectors Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Fog Detectors Industry Value Chain
10.2 Fog Detectors Upstream Market
10.3 Fog Detectors Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Fog Detectors Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Key Players of Fog Detectors in Global Market
Table 2. Top Fog Detectors Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Fog Detectors Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Fog Detectors Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Fog Detectors Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Fog Detectors Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Fog Detectors Price (2018-2023) & (USD/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Fog Detectors Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Fog Detectors Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Fog Detectors Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global Fog Detectors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Fog Detectors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global Fog Detectors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Fog Detectors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region – Global Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global Fog Detectors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Fog Detectors Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Fog Detectors Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 46. Kidde Company Summary
Table 47. Kidde Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 48. Kidde Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Kidde Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Honeywell International Inc Company Summary
Table 51. Honeywell International Inc Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 52. Honeywell International Inc Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Honeywell International Inc Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Johnson Controls Company Summary
Table 55. Johnson Controls Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 56. Johnson Controls Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Johnson Controls Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. BRK Brands, Inc. Company Summary
Table 59. BRK Brands, Inc. Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 60. BRK Brands, Inc. Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. BRK Brands, Inc. Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. Siemens AG Company Summary
Table 63. Siemens AG Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 64. Siemens AG Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. Siemens AG Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. Birdi Company Summary
Table 67. Birdi Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 68. Birdi Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. Birdi Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Hochiki Corporation Company Summary
Table 71. Hochiki Corporation Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 72. Hochiki Corporation Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Hochiki Corporation Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Schneider Electric Company Summary
Table 75. Schneider Electric Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 76. Schneider Electric Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 77. Schneider Electric Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Xtralis Pty Ltd. Company Summary
Table 79. Xtralis Pty Ltd. Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 80. Xtralis Pty Ltd. Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 81. Xtralis Pty Ltd. Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Protec Fire Detection Plc Company Summary
Table 83. Protec Fire Detection Plc Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 84. Protec Fire Detection Plc Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 85. Protec Fire Detection Plc Key News & Latest Developments
Table 86. Nest Labs Company Summary
Table 87. Nest Labs Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 88. Nest Labs Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 89. Nest Labs Key News & Latest Developments
Table 90. Robert Bosch LLC Company Summary
Table 91. Robert Bosch LLC Fog Detectors Product Offerings
Table 92. Robert Bosch LLC Fog Detectors Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (USD/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 93. Robert Bosch LLC Key News & Latest Developments
Table 94. Fog Detectors Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 95. Global Fog Detectors Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 96. Global Fog Detectors Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 97. Global Fog Detectors Production by Region, 2024-2029 (K Units)
Table 98. Fog Detectors Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 99. Fog Detectors Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 100. Fog Detectors Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 101. Fog Detectors Raw Materials
Table 102. Fog Detectors Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 103. Typical Fog Detectors Downstream
Table 104. Fog Detectors Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 105. Fog Detectors Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Fog Detectors Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Fog Detectors Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Fog Detectors Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Fog Detectors Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Fog Detectors Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Fog Detectors Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Fog Detectors Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global Fog Detectors Price (USD/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global Fog Detectors Price (USD/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Fog Detectors Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Fog Detectors Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE Fog Detectors Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global Fog Detectors Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Fog Detectors by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. Fog Detectors Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
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