1 INTRODUCTION 30
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 30
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 30
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS 31
1.3 MARKET SCOPE 32
1.3.1 REGIONAL SCOPE 32
1.3.2 YEARS CONSIDERED 33
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 33
1.5 UNITS CONSIDERED 33
1.6 STAKEHOLDERS 33
1.7 RECESSION IMPACT 34
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 35
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 35
FIGURE 1 RESEARCH DESIGN 35
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 36
2.1.1.1 Secondary sources 37
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 38
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 39
2.1.2.2 Key industry insights 40
FIGURE 2 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS: SUPPLY-SIDE AND DEMAND-SIDE PARTICIPANTS 41
FIGURE 3 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS 41
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 42
2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 42
FIGURE 4 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 42
2.2.2 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH: NUMBER OF TEST-BASED ANALYSES 43
FIGURE 5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: TOP-DOWN APPROACH 44
FIGURE 6 CAGR PROJECTIONS: SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 44
2.3 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION 45
FIGURE 7 DATA TRIANGULATION METHODOLOGY 45
2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 46
2.5 RISK ASSESSMENT 46
TABLE 1 RISK ASSESSMENT: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 46
2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 46
2.6.1 METHODOLOGY-RELATED LIMITATIONS 46
2.6.2 SCOPE-RELATED LIMITATIONS 47
2.7 GROWTH RATE ASSUMPTIONS 47
2.8 RECESSION IMPACT ANALYSIS 47
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 48
FIGURE 8 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 48
FIGURE 9 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 49
FIGURE 10 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 49
FIGURE 11 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 50
FIGURE 12 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 50
FIGURE 13 REGIONAL SNAPSHOT: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 51
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 53
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 53
FIGURE 14 INCREASING PREVALENCE OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND GROWING GERIATRIC POPULATION TO DRIVE MARKET 53
4.2 NORTH AMERICA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT 54
FIGURE 15 KITS ACCOUNTED FOR LARGEST SHARE, BY PRODUCT, IN NORTH AMERICA 54
4.3 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET: REGIONAL MIX 55
FIGURE 16 ASIA PACIFIC MARKET TO WITNESS FASTEST GROWTH DURING FORECAST PERIOD 55
4.4 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET: DEVELOPED VS. EMERGING ECONOMIES 55
FIGURE 17 DEVELOPING ECONOMIES TO REGISTER HIGHER GROWTH DURING FORECAST PERIOD 55
4.5 REGIONAL GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES IN CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 56
FIGURE 18 CHINA TO REGISTER HIGHEST GROWTH RATE DURING FORECAST PERIOD 56
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 57
5.1 INTRODUCTION 57
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 57
FIGURE 19 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES 57
5.2.1 DRIVERS 58
5.2.1.1 Rising prevalence of kidney diseases 58
5.2.1.2 Growing geriatric population 59
TABLE 2 GERIATRIC POPULATION, BY REGION, 2015 VS. 2030 VS. 2050 (MILLION) 59
TABLE 3 ESTIMATED INCREASE IN GERIATRIC POPULATION, BY REGION (2019–2050) 60
5.2.1.3 Recent advancements in chemiluminescence immunoassay technologies 60
5.2.1.4 Growth in biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries 61
5.2.1.5 Increasing adoption of POC testing 62
TABLE 4 POC ANALYSIS DEVICES 63
5.2.1.6 Supportive government policies 64
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 65
5.2.2.1 Stringent requirements for approval of cystatin C assay instruments and consumables 65
5.2.2.2 High development costs of cystatin C assays 65
TABLE 5 CYSTATIN C CONSUMABLES AND INSTRUMENTS 66
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 66
5.2.3.1 Growth opportunities in emerging economies 66
5.2.3.2 Importance of companion diagnostics 67
TABLE 6 APPROVED AND LAUNCHED COMPANION DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS 68
5.2.3.3 Development of condition-specific biomarkers and tests 68
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 69
5.2.4.1 Dearth of skilled professionals 69
5.3 REGULATORY OVERVIEW 69
5.3.1 US 69
FIGURE 20 US: REGULATORY PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES 70
5.3.2 CANADA 71
FIGURE 21 CANADA: REGULATORY PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES IN CANADA 71
5.3.3 EUROPE 71
TABLE 7 EUROPE: CLASSIFICATION OF IVD DEVICES 71
5.3.4 JAPAN 72
5.3.4.1 Japan: Regulatory process for IVD devices 72
TABLE 8 JAPAN: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 73
5.3.5 CHINA 73
TABLE 9 CHINA: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 73
5.3.6 INDIA 74
5.3.6.1 India: Regulatory process for IVD devices 74
5.3.7 INDONESIA 75
TABLE 10 INDONESIA: REGISTRATION PROCESS FOR IVD DEVICES 75
5.3.8 RUSSIA 75
TABLE 11 RUSSIA: CLASSIFICATION OF IVD DEVICES 76
5.3.9 SAUDI ARABIA 76
TABLE 12 SAUDI ARABIA: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 76
5.3.10 MEXICO 76
5.3.10.1 Mexico: Regulatory process for IVD devices 77
TABLE 13 MEXICO: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 77
5.3.11 BRAZIL 78
5.3.11.1 Brazil: Regulatory process for IVD devices 78
5.3.12 SOUTH KOREA 78
TABLE 14 SOUTH KOREA: TIME, COST, AND COMPLEXITY OF REGISTRATION PROCESS 78
5.3.13 MIDDLE EAST 79
5.3.14 AFRICA 79
5.4 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 79
TABLE 15 NON-GFR DETERMINANTS OF SERUM CREATININE AND CYSTATIN C 80
TABLE 16 RECENT PRODUCT LAUNCHES WITH ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES IN CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 81
5.5 TRADE ANALYSIS 82
5.5.1 TRADE ANALYSIS FOR IMMUNOASSAYS 82
TABLE 17 IMPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 902750, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 82
TABLE 18 EXPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 902750, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2022 (USD THOUSAND) 82
5.6 PATENT ANALYSIS 83
5.7 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 83
FIGURE 22 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS: MAJOR VALUE ADDED DURING MANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLY PHASES 84
5.8 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 84
FIGURE 23 DIRECT DISTRIBUTION—PREFERRED STRATEGY FOR PROMINENT COMPANIES 85
5.9 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 86
FIGURE 24 ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS OF CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 86
5.9.1 ROLE OF COMPANIES IN ECOSYSTEM 86
5.9.2 KEY PLAYERS OPERATING IN CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 87
5.10 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 87
TABLE 19 IMPACT OF PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ON CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET 87
5.10.1 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 88
5.10.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 88
5.10.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 88
5.10.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 88
5.10.5 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 88
5.11 KEY CONFERENCES & EVENTS (2023–2024) 89
TABLE 20 LIST OF CONFERENCES AND EVENTS (2023–2024) 89
5.12 PRICING ANALYSIS 90
TABLE 21 CYSTATIN C ASSAY: PRICE RANGE FOR CYSTATIN C ASSAY PRODUCTS 90
TABLE 22 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF PRODUCTS OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS (2022) 91
5.13 KEY STAKEHOLDERS & BUYING CRITERIA 91
5.13.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 91
FIGURE 25 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS, BY END USER 91
TABLE 23 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS FOR END USERS 92
5.13.2 BUYING CRITERIA 92
FIGURE 26 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR TOP END USERS 92
TABLE 24 KEY BUYING CRITERIA, BY END USER 92
5.14 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS 93
6 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT 94
6.1 INTRODUCTION 95
TABLE 25 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 95
6.2 KITS 95
6.2.1 WIDE USE OF KITS IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES, HEALTHCARE SETTINGS, AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS TO DRIVE MARKET 95
TABLE 26 CYSTATIN C ASSAY KITS AVAILABLE IN MARKET 96
TABLE 27 CYSTATIN C ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 97
TABLE 28 CYSTATIN C ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 97
TABLE 29 CYSTATIN C ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 98
TABLE 30 CYSTATIN C ASSAY KITS MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 98
6.2.2 REAGENTS 99
6.2.2.1 Wide use in diagnostic, research, and high-throughput screening to drive market 99
TABLE 31 CYSTATIN C ASSAY REAGENTS AVAILABLE IN MARKET 99
TABLE 32 CYSTATIN C REAGENTS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 100
TABLE 33 CYSTATIN C ASSAY REAGENTS MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 100
TABLE 34 CYSTATIN C ASSAY REAGENTS MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 101
TABLE 35 CYSTATIN C ASSAY REAGENTS MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 101
6.3 ANALYZERS 102
6.3.1 INCREASING NUMBER OF HOSPITALS AND CLINICAL LABORATORIES TO DRIVE MARKET 102
TABLE 36 CYSTATIN C ASSAY ANALYZERS AVAILABLE IN MARKET 102
TABLE 37 CYSTATIN C ASSAY ANALYZERS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 103
TABLE 38 CYSTATIN C ASSAY ANALYZERS MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 103
TABLE 39 CYSTATIN C ASSAY ANALYZERS MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 104
TABLE 40 CYSTATIN C ASSAY ANALYZERS MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 104
7 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD 105
7.1 INTRODUCTION 106
TABLE 41 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 106
7.2 ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY 106
7.2.1 WIDE ROLE IN DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND MONITORING OF VARIOUS RENAL DISEASES TO DRIVE MARKET 106
TABLE 42 ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 108
TABLE 43 ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 108
TABLE 44 ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 109
TABLE 45 ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 109
7.3 PARTICLE-ENHANCED TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY 110
7.3.1 APPLICATION OF PETIA TECHNOLOGY IN ALL CLINICAL ANALYZERS TO DRIVE MARKET 110
TABLE 46 PARTICLE-ENHANCED TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 110
TABLE 47 PARTICLE-ENHANCED TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 111
TABLE 48 PARTICLE-ENHANCED TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 111
TABLE 49 PARTICLE-ENHANCED TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 112
7.4 IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY 112
7.4.1 WIDE USE OF IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY IN DIAGNOSIS OF ANTIBODIES IMMUNOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH TO DRIVE MARKET 112
TABLE 50 IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 113
TABLE 51 IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 113
TABLE 52 IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 114
TABLE 53 IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 114
7.5 CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY 115
7.5.1 ACCESSIBILITY TO MANY CLINICAL LABORATORIES TO INCREASE DEMAND 115
TABLE 54 CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 115
TABLE 55 CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 116
TABLE 56 CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 116
TABLE 57 CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 117
7.6 PARTICLE-ENHANCED NEPHELOMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY 117
7.6.1 PRECISION AND AUTOMATION CAPABILITIES IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES TO DRIVE MARKET 117
TABLE 58 PARTICLE-ENHANCED NEPHELOMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 118
TABLE 59 PARTICLE-ENHANCED NEPHELOMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 118
TABLE 60 PARTICLE-ENHANCED NEPHELOMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 119
TABLE 61 PARTICLE-ENHANCED NEPHELOMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 119
7.7 OTHER METHODS 120
TABLE 62 OTHER METHODS: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 121
TABLE 63 OTHER METHODS: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 121
TABLE 64 OTHER METHODS: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 122
TABLE 65 OTHER METHODS: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 122
8 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE 123
8.1 INTRODUCTION 124
TABLE 66 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 124
8.2 BLOOD 124
8.2.1 RISING PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS TO DRIVE MARKET 124
TABLE 67 BLOOD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 125
TABLE 68 BLOOD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 69 BLOOD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 70 BLOOD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 127
8.3 URINE 127
8.3.1 RESEARCH APPLICATION OF URINE CYSTATIN C IN CLINICAL INVESTIGATION TO DRIVE MARKET 127
TABLE 71 URINE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 128
TABLE 72 URINE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 128
TABLE 73 URINE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 129
TABLE 74 URINE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 129
9 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION 130
9.1 INTRODUCTION 131
TABLE 75 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 131
9.2 DIAGNOSTICS 131
9.2.1 WIDE USE OF CYSTATIN C ASSAYS IN DIAGNOSTICS TO DRIVE MARKET 131
TABLE 76 DIAGNOSTICS: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 132
TABLE 77 DIAGNOSTICS: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 132
TABLE 78 DIAGNOSTICS: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 79 DIAGNOSTICS: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 133
9.3 RESEARCH 134
9.3.1 USE OF CYSTATIN C ASSAYS IN SCIENTIFIC STUDIES, CLINICAL TRIALS, AND BIOMARKER RESEARCH TO BOOST MARKET 134
TABLE 80 RESEARCH: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 81 RESEARCH: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 82 RESEARCH: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 83 RESEARCH: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 136
10 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER 137
10.1 INTRODUCTION 138
TABLE 85 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 138
10.2 HOSPITALS 138
10.2.1 GROWING PATIENT POPULATION TO DRIVE MARKET 138
TABLE 86 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR HOSPITALS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 139
TABLE 87 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR HOSPITALS, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 140
TABLE 88 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR HOSPITALS, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 140
TABLE 89 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR HOSPITALS, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 141
10.3 CLINICAL LABORATORIES 141
10.3.1 RISING CLINICAL TEST VOLUMES AND REQUIREMENTS TO BOOST USE OF CYSTATIN C ASSAYS 141
TABLE 90 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR CLINICAL LABORATORIES, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 91 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR CLINICAL LABORATORIES, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 143
TABLE 92 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR CLINICAL LABORATORIES, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 143
TABLE 93 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR CLINICAL LABORATORIES, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 144
10.4 PHARMACEUTICAL & BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES, CONTRACT RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS, AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES 144
10.4.1 GROWING DRUG DISCOVERY AND CLINICAL STUDY AND RISING NUMBER OF COLLEGES & UNIVERSITIES TO DRIVE DEMAND 144
TABLE 94 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR PHARMACEUTICAL & BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES, CROS, AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 95 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR PHARMACEUTICAL & BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES, CROS, AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY NORTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 96 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR PHARMACEUTICAL & BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES, CROS, AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 146
TABLE 97 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET FOR PHARMACEUTICAL & BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES, CROS, AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTES, BY ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 146
11 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION 147
11.1 INTRODUCTION 148
TABLE 98 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 148
11.2 NORTH AMERICA 149
FIGURE 27 NORTH AMERICA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET SNAPSHOT 150
TABLE 99 NORTH AMERICA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 100 NORTH AMERICA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 101 NORTH AMERICA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 152
TABLE 102 NORTH AMERICA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 152
TABLE 103 NORTH AMERICA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 153
TABLE 104 NORTH AMERICA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 153
11.2.1 RECESSION IMPACT ON NORTH AMERICA 153
11.2.2 US 154
11.2.2.1 US to account for largest market share in North America 154
TABLE 105 US: KEY MACRO INDICATORS 155
TABLE 106 US: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 107 US: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 156
TABLE 108 US: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 156
TABLE 109 US: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 157
TABLE 110 US: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 157
11.2.3 CANADA 157
11.2.3.1 Government initiatives to support market growth 157
TABLE 111 CANADA: KEY MACRO INDICATORS 159
TABLE 112 CANADA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 113 CANADA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 160
TABLE 114 CANADA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 160
TABLE 115 CANADA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 161
TABLE 116 CANADA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 161
11.3 EUROPE 162
TABLE 117 EUROPE: HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE, BY COUNTRY (% OF GDP) 162
11.3.1 RECESSION IMPACT ON EUROPE 163
TABLE 118 EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 163
TABLE 119 EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 120 EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 164
TABLE 121 EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 165
TABLE 122 EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 165
TABLE 123 EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 166
11.3.2 GERMANY 166
11.3.2.1 High healthcare spending to drive market 166
TABLE 124 GERMANY: KEY MACRO INDICATORS 167
TABLE 125 GERMANY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 167
TABLE 126 GERMANY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 168
TABLE 127 GERMANY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 168
TABLE 128 GERMANY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 169
TABLE 129 GERMANY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 169
11.3.3 FRANCE 170
11.3.3.1 Presence of favorable reimbursement policies to make market lucrative 170
TABLE 130 FRANCE: KEY MACRO INDICATORS 170
TABLE 131 FRANCE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 171
TABLE 132 FRANCE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 171
TABLE 133 FRANCE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 172
TABLE 134 FRANCE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 172
TABLE 135 FRANCE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 173
11.3.4 UK 173
11.3.4.1 Government support for disease diagnostics and favorable investment scenario to drive market 173
TABLE 136 UK: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 174
TABLE 137 UK: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 175
TABLE 138 UK: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 175
TABLE 139 UK: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 176
TABLE 140 UK: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 176
11.3.5 ITALY 177
11.3.5.1 Growing geriatric population and increasing support for research to boost market growth 177
TABLE 141 ITALY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 177
TABLE 142 ITALY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 178
TABLE 143 ITALY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 178
TABLE 144 ITALY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 179
TABLE 145 ITALY: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 179
11.3.6 SPAIN 180
11.3.6.1 Presence of well-established network of research centers, universities, and hospitals to drive market 180
TABLE 146 SPAIN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 180
TABLE 147 SPAIN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 181
TABLE 148 SPAIN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 181
TABLE 149 SPAIN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 182
TABLE 150 SPAIN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 182
11.3.7 REST OF EUROPE 182
TABLE 151 REST OF EUROPE: HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE, BY COUNTRY, 2010 VS. 2021 (% OF GDP) 183
TABLE 152 REST OF EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 184
TABLE 153 REST OF EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 184
TABLE 154 REST OF EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 185
TABLE 155 REST OF EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 185
TABLE 156 REST OF EUROPE: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 186
11.4 ASIA PACIFIC 186
11.4.1 RECESSION IMPACT ON ASIA PACIFIC 186
FIGURE 28 ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET SNAPSHOT 187
TABLE 157 ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 188
TABLE 158 ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 188
TABLE 159 ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 189
TABLE 160 ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 189
TABLE 161 ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 190
TABLE 162 ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 190
11.4.2 CHINA 190
11.4.2.1 High prevalence of diabetes and chronic kidney disease to drive market 190
TABLE 163 CHINA: KEY MACRO INDICATORS 192
TABLE 164 CHINA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 192
TABLE 165 CHINA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 193
TABLE 166 CHINA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 193
TABLE 167 CHINA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 194
TABLE 168 CHINA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 194
11.4.3 INDIA 194
11.4.3.1 Growing medical tourism and healthcare infrastructure to drive market 194
TABLE 169 INDIA: KEY MACRO INDICATORS 196
TABLE 170 INDIA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 196
TABLE 171 INDIA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 197
TABLE 172 INDIA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 197
TABLE 173 INDIA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 198
TABLE 174 INDIA: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 198
11.4.4 JAPAN 198
11.4.4.1 Investments in healthcare technology and research to support growth 198
TABLE 175 JAPAN: KEY MACRO INDICATORS 199
TABLE 176 JAPAN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 200
TABLE 177 JAPAN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 200
TABLE 178 JAPAN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 201
TABLE 179 JAPAN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 201
TABLE 180 JAPAN: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 202
11.4.5 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC 202
TABLE 181 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: DIABETES PREVALENCE (% OF POPULATION AGED 20–79), BY COUNTRY 203
TABLE 182 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 203
TABLE 183 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 204
TABLE 184 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 204
TABLE 185 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 205
TABLE 186 REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 205
11.5 REST OF THE WORLD 206
TABLE 187 REST OF THE WORLD: POPULATION AGED 65 AND ABOVE (% OF TOTAL POPULATION) 207
11.5.1 RECESSION IMPACT ON REST OF THE WORLD 207
TABLE 188 REST OF THE WORLD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 207
TABLE 189 REST OF THE WORLD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY METHOD, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 208
TABLE 190 REST OF THE WORLD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 208
TABLE 191 REST OF THE WORLD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY SAMPLE TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 209
TABLE 192 REST OF THE WORLD: CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 209
12 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 210
12.1 OVERVIEW 210
12.2 STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS 210
TABLE 193 OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET PLAYERS 210
12.3 MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS, 2022 211
FIGURE 29 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS, 2022 211
12.4 REVENUE SHARE ANALYSIS, 2022 212
FIGURE 30 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP FOUR PUBLIC MARKET PLAYERS 213
12.5 COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX 213
12.5.1 STARS 213
12.5.2 PERVASIVE PLAYERS 213
12.5.3 PARTICIPANTS 213
12.5.4 EMERGING LEADERS 214
FIGURE 31 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX (2022) 214
12.6 SMES/STARTUPS EVALUATION MATRIX 215
12.6.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 215
12.6.2 STARTING BLOCKS 215
12.6.3 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 215
12.6.4 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 215
FIGURE 32 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX FOR STARTUPS/SMES (2022) 216
12.7 COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING 217
12.7.1 COMPANY FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS 217
TABLE 194 COMPANY FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS 217
TABLE 195 COMPANY PRODUCT FOOTPRINT 218
TABLE 196 COMPANY REGIONAL FOOTPRINT 219
TABLE 197 CYSTATIN C ASSAY MARKET: DETAILED LIST OF KEY SMES/STARTUPS 220
12.8 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 220
12.8.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES AND APPROVALS 220
TABLE 198 PRODUCT LAUNCHES AND APPROVALS, 2022 220
12.8.2 DEALS 221
TABLE 199 DEALS, 2021 221
13 COMPANY PROFILES 222
13.1 KEY PLAYERS 222
(Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, and MnM View (Key strengths/Right to Win, Strategic Choices Made, and Weaknesses and Competitive Threats))*
13.1.1 ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS LIMITED 222
TABLE 200 ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS LIMITED: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 222
FIGURE 33 ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS LIMITED.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 223
13.1.2 ABBOTT 225
TABLE 201 ABBOTT: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 225
FIGURE 34 ABBOTT: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 226
13.1.3 THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC. 228
TABLE 202 THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 228
FIGURE 35 THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 229
13.1.4 SIEMENS HEALTHCARE GMBH 232
TABLE 203 SIEMENS HEALTHCARE GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 232
FIGURE 36 SIEMENS HEALTHCARE GMBH: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 233
13.1.5 BIO-TECHNE 234
TABLE 204 BIO-TECHNE: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 234
FIGURE 37 BIO-TECHNE: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 235
13.1.6 AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 237
TABLE 205 AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 237
FIGURE 38 AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 238
13.1.7 GENTIAN DIAGNOSTICS ASA 239
TABLE 206 GENTIAN DIAGNOSTICS ASA: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 239
FIGURE 39 GENTIAN DIAGNOSTICS ASA: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 240
13.1.8 ABCAM PLC 242
TABLE 207 ABCAM PLC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 242
FIGURE 40 ABCAM PLC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 243
13.1.9 GETEIN BIOTECH, INC. 245
TABLE 208 GETEIN BIOTECH, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 245
FIGURE 41 GETEIN BIOTECH, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 245
13.1.10 SINO BIOLOGICAL, INC. 247
TABLE 209 SINO BIOLOGICAL, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 247
FIGURE 42 SINO BIOLOGICAL, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 247
13.1.11 EUROLYSER DIAGNOSTICA GMBH 249
TABLE 210 EUROLYSER DIAGNOSTICA GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 249
13.1.12 DIAZYME LABORATORIES, INC 250
TABLE 211 DIAZYME LABORATORIES, INC.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 250
13.1.13 KAMIYA BIOMEDICAL COMPANY 252
TABLE 212 KAMIYA BIOMEDICAL COMPANY: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 252
13.1.14 RANDOX LABORATORIES LTD. 253
TABLE 213 RANDOX LABORATORIES LTD..: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 253
13.1.15 DIASYS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS GMBH 254
TABLE 214 DIASYS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS GMBH: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 254
13.1.16 CEPHAM LIFE SCIENCES 255
TABLE 215 CEPHAM LIFE SCIENCES: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 255
13.2 OTHER PLAYERS 256
13.2.1 ETHOS BIOSCIENCES 256
13.2.2 IMMUNODIAGNOSTICS LIMITED 256
13.2.3 SEKISUI DIAGNOSTICS 257
13.2.4 AALTO SCIENTIFIC, LTD. 257
13.2.5 RAYBIOTECH LIFE, INC. 258
13.2.6 ARBOR ASSAYS 258
13.2.7 CUSABIO TECHNOLOGY LLC 259
13.2.8 PROTEINTECH GROUP, INC. 259
13.2.9 ZHEJIANG KANGTE BIOTECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. 260
*Details on Business Overview, Products Offered, Recent Developments, and MnM View (Key strengths/Right to Win, Strategic Choices Made, and Weaknesses and Competitive Threats) might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
14 APPENDIX 261
14.1 INSIGHTS FROM INDUSTRY EXPERTS 261
14.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 262
14.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 267
14.4 CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS 269
14.5 RELATED REPORTS 269
14.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 271
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