1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Market Outlook
1.2. Demand Side Trends
1.3. Key Facts and Figures
1.4. Trends Impacting Market
1.5. TMR’s Growth Opportunity Wheel
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Segmentation
2.2. Key Developments
2.3. Market Definitions
2.4. Key Market Trends
2.5. Market Dynamics
2.5.1. Drivers
2.5.2. Restraints
2.5.3. Opportunities
2.6. Global Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2031
2.6.1. Global Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons)
2.6.2. Global Insulation Materials Market Value (US$ Bn)
2.7. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.8. Regulatory Landscape
2.9. Value Chain Analysis
2.9.1. List of Manufacturers
2.9.2. List of Dealer/Distributors
2.9.3. List of Potential Customers
2.10. Product Specification Analysis
2.11. Production Overview
2.12. Cost Structure Analysis
3. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
3.1. Impact on the Supply Chain of the Insulation Materials
3.2. Impact on the Demand of Insulation Materials – Pre & Post Crisis
4. Impact of Current Geopolitical Scenario on Market
5. Production Output Analysis (Kilo Tons)
5.1. North America
5.2. Europe
5.3. Asia Pacific
5.4. Latin America
5.5. Middle East & Africa
6. Price Trend Analysis and Forecast (US$/Ton), 2023-2031
6.1. Price Comparison Analysis, by Type
6.2. Price Comparison Analysis, by Region
7. Global Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
7.1. Introduction and Definitions
7.2. Global Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
7.2.1. Polyurethane Spray Foam
7.2.1.1. Fibrous Insulation
7.2.1.2. Fiberglass
7.2.1.3. Mineral Wool
7.2.1.4. Plastic Fibers
7.2.1.5. Cellulose
7.2.1.6. Others
7.2.2. Rigid Foam Insulation
7.2.2.1. Expanded polystyrene (EPS)
7.2.2.2. Extruded polystyrene (XPS)
7.2.2.3. Polyisocyanurate (Polyiso, ISO)
7.2.2.4. Polyurethane (PU)
7.2.2.5. Others
7.2.3. Aerogel Insulation
7.2.4. Others
7.3. Global Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness, by Type
8. Global Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
8.1. Introduction and Definitions
8.2. Global Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
8.2.1. Blanket Batt Insulation and Roll Insulation
8.2.2. Foam Board or Rigid Foam
8.2.3. Insulated Concrete Forms
8.2.4. Loose-Fill and Blown-In Insulation
8.2.5. Loose-Fill and Blown-In Insulation
8.2.6. Spray Foam and Foamed-In-Place Insulation
8.2.7. Structural Insulated Panels (SIPS)
8.2.8. Others
8.3. Global Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness, by Category
9. Global Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, Density, 2023–2031
9.1. Introduction and Definitions
9.2. Global Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
9.2.1. Up to 100 Kg/m3
9.2.2. > 100 to 200 Kg/m3
9.2.3. > 200 to 500 Kg/m3
9.2.4. > 500 to 700 Kg/m3
9.2.5. > 700 Kg/m3
9.3. Global Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness, by Density
10. Global Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
10.1. Introduction and Definitions
10.2. Global Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by End-use, 2023–2031
10.2.1. Building & Construction
10.2.1.1. Residential
10.2.1.2. Commercial
10.2.1.3. Infrastructure
10.2.2. Electrical & Electronics
10.2.3. Packaging
10.2.4. Food & Beverages
10.2.5. Automotive
10.2.6. Oil & Gas
10.2.7. Consumer Goods
10.2.8. Aerospace
10.2.9. Marine
10.2.10. Others
10.3. Global Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness, by End-use
11. Global Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, by Region, 2023–2031
11.1. Key Findings
11.2. Global Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Region, 2023–2031
11.2.1. North America
11.2.2. Europe
11.2.3. Asia Pacific
11.2.4. Latin America
11.2.5. Middle East & Africa
11.3. Global Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness, by Region
12. North America Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023–2031
12.1. Key Findings
12.2. North America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
12.3. North America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
12.4. North America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
12.5. North America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by End-use, 2023–2031
12.6. North America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Country, 2023–2031
12.6.1. U.S. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
12.6.2. U.S. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
12.6.3. U.S. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
12.6.4. U.S. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
12.6.5. Canada Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type Category, 2023–2031
12.6.6. Canada Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
12.6.7. Canada Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
12.6.8. Canada Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
12.7. North America Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness Analysis
13. Europe Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023–2031
13.1. Key Findings
13.2. Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
13.3. Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
13.4. Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
13.5. Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by End-use, 2023–2031
13.6. Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2023-2031
13.6.1. Germany Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
13.6.2. Germany Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
13.6.3. Germany Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
13.6.4. Germany. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
13.6.5. France Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
13.6.6. France Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
13.6.7. France Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
13.6.8. France. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
13.6.9. U.K. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
13.6.10. U.K. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
13.6.11. U.K. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
13.6.12. U.K. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
13.6.13. Italy Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
13.6.14. Italy. Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
13.6.15. Italy Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
13.6.16. Italy Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
13.6.17. Russia & CIS Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
13.6.18. Russia & CIS Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
13.6.19. Russia & CIS Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
13.6.20. Russia & CIS Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
13.6.21. Rest of Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
13.6.22. Rest of Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
13.6.23. Rest of Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
13.6.24. Rest of Europe Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
13.7. Europe Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness Analysis
14. Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023–2031
14.1. Key Findings
14.2. Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type
14.3. Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
14.4. Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
14.5. Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by End-use, 2023–2031
14.6. Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2023-2031
14.6.1. China Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
14.6.2. China Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
14.6.3. China Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
14.6.4. China Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
14.6.5. Japan Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
14.6.6. Japan Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
14.6.7. Japan Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
14.6.8. Japan Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
14.6.9. India Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
14.6.10. India Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
14.6.11. India Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
14.6.12. India Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
14.6.13. ASEAN Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
14.6.14. ASEAN Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
14.6.15. ASEAN Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
14.6.16. ASEAN Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
14.6.17. Rest of Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
14.6.18. Rest of Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
14.6.19. Rest of Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
14.6.20. Rest of Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
14.7. Asia Pacific Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness Analysis
15. Latin America Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023–2031
15.1. Key Findings
15.2. Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type Category, 2023–2031
15.3. Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
15.4. Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
15.5. Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by End-use, 2023–2031
15.6. Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2023-2031
15.6.1. Brazil Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
15.6.2. Brazil Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
15.6.3. Brazil Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
15.6.4. Brazil Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
15.6.5. Mexico Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
15.6.6. Mexico Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
15.6.7. Mexico Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
15.6.8. Mexico Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
15.6.9. Rest of Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
15.6.10. Rest of Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
15.6.11. Rest of Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
15.6.12. Rest of Latin America Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
15.7. Latin America Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness Analysis
16. Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023–2031
16.1. Key Findings
16.2. Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
16.3. Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
16.4. Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
16.5. Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by End-use, 2023–2031
16.6. Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2023-2031
16.6.1. GCC Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
16.6.2. GCC Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
16.6.3. GCC Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
16.6.4. GCC Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
16.6.5. South Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
16.6.6. South Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
16.6.7. South Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
16.6.8. South Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
16.6.9. Rest of Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Type, 2023–2031
16.6.10. Rest of Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Category, 2023–2031
16.6.11. Rest of Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, by Density, 2023–2031
16.6.12. Rest of Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Volume (Kilo Tons) and Value (US$ Bn) Forecast, End-use, 2023–2031
16.7. Middle East & Africa Insulation Materials Market Attractiveness Analysis
17. Competition Landscape
17.1. Market Players – Competition Matrix (by Tier and Size of Companies)
17.2. Market Share Analysis, 2021
17.3. Market Footprint Analysis
17.3.1. By Type
17.3.2. By End-use
17.4. Company Profiles
17.4.1. BASF SE
17.4.1.1. Company Revenue
17.4.1.2. Business Overview
17.4.1.3. Product Segments
17.4.1.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.1.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.1.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.2. Covestro AG
17.4.2.1. Company Revenue
17.4.2.2. Business Overview
17.4.2.3. Product Segments
17.4.2.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.2.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.2.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.3. Dow
17.4.3.1. Company Revenue
17.4.3.2. Business Overview
17.4.3.3. Product Segments
17.4.3.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.3.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.3.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.4. Huntsman International LLC
17.4.4.1. Company Revenue
17.4.4.2. Business Overview
17.4.4.3. Product Segments
17.4.4.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.4.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.4.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.5. John Manville
17.4.5.1. Company Revenue
17.4.5.2. Business Overview
17.4.5.3. Product Segments
17.4.5.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.5.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.5.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.6. CERTAINTEED
17.4.6.1. Company Revenue
17.4.6.2. Business Overview
17.4.6.3. Product Segments
17.4.6.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.6.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.6.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.7. Bayer
17.4.7.1. Company Revenue
17.4.7.2. Business Overview
17.4.7.3. Product Segments
17.4.7.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.7.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.7.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.8. JSP Corporation
17.4.8.1. Company Revenue
17.4.8.2. Business Overview
17.4.8.3. Product Segments
17.4.8.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.8.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.8.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.9. Borealis
17.4.9.1. Company Revenue
17.4.9.2. Business Overview
17.4.9.3. Product Segments
17.4.9.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.9.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.9.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.10. The Woodbridge Group
17.4.10.1. Company Revenue
17.4.10.2. Business Overview
17.4.10.3. Product Segments
17.4.10.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.10.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.10.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.11. Owen Corning
17.4.11.1. Company Revenue
17.4.11.2. Business Overview
17.4.11.3. Product Segments
17.4.11.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.11.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.11.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.12. Knauf Insulation
17.4.12.1. Company Revenue
17.4.12.2. Business Overview
17.4.12.3. Product Segments
17.4.12.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.12.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.12.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
17.4.13. Korff Isolmatic GmbH
17.4.13.1. Company Revenue
17.4.13.2. Business Overview
17.4.13.3. Product Segments
17.4.13.4. Geographic Footprint
17.4.13.5. Production Category/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
17.4.13.6. Strategic Partnership, Category Expansion, New Product Innovation, etc.
18. Primary Research: Key Insights
19. Appendix
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