1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 3D Sonars Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global 3D Sonars Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global 3D Sonars Overall Market Size
2.1 Global 3D Sonars Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global 3D Sonars Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global 3D Sonars Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top 3D Sonars Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global 3D Sonars Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global 3D Sonars Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global 3D Sonars Sales by Companies
3.5 Global 3D Sonars Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 3D Sonars Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers 3D Sonars Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 3D Sonars Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 3D Sonars Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 3D Sonars Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 360 Degree Imaging
4.1.3 Image Down
4.1.4 Lateral Imaging
4.1.5 Others
4.2 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type – Global 3D Sonars Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Fishing Industry
5.1.3 Marine Protection
5.1.4 Scientific Research
5.1.5 Others
5.2 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application – Global 3D Sonars Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region – Global 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country – North America 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country – North America 3D Sonars Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country – Europe 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country – Europe 3D Sonars Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region – Asia 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region – Asia 3D Sonars Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country – South America 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country – South America 3D Sonars Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country – Middle East & Africa 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country – Middle East & Africa 3D Sonars Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE 3D Sonars Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Marine Electronics
7.1.1 Marine Electronics Company Summary
7.1.2 Marine Electronics Business Overview
7.1.3 Marine Electronics 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Marine Electronics 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Marine Electronics Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Teledyne Marine
7.2.1 Teledyne Marine Company Summary
7.2.2 Teledyne Marine Business Overview
7.2.3 Teledyne Marine 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Teledyne Marine 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Teledyne Marine Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 FURUNO
7.3.1 FURUNO Company Summary
7.3.2 FURUNO Business Overview
7.3.3 FURUNO 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 FURUNO 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 FURUNO Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Simrad
7.4.1 Simrad Company Summary
7.4.2 Simrad Business Overview
7.4.3 Simrad 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Simrad 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Simrad Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 EofE Ultrasonics
7.5.1 EofE Ultrasonics Company Summary
7.5.2 EofE Ultrasonics Business Overview
7.5.3 EofE Ultrasonics 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 EofE Ultrasonics 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 EofE Ultrasonics Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 iXblue
7.6.1 iXblue Company Summary
7.6.2 iXblue Business Overview
7.6.3 iXblue 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 iXblue 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 iXblue Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Raymarine
7.7.1 Raymarine Company Summary
7.7.2 Raymarine Business Overview
7.7.3 Raymarine 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Raymarine 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Raymarine Key News & Latest Developments
7.8 Daniamant
7.8.1 Daniamant Company Summary
7.8.2 Daniamant Business Overview
7.8.3 Daniamant 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.8.4 Daniamant 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.8.5 Daniamant Key News & Latest Developments
7.9 Seatronics
7.9.1 Seatronics Company Summary
7.9.2 Seatronics Business Overview
7.9.3 Seatronics 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.9.4 Seatronics 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.9.5 Seatronics Key News & Latest Developments
7.10 Garmin
7.10.1 Garmin Company Summary
7.10.2 Garmin Business Overview
7.10.3 Garmin 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.10.4 Garmin 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.10.5 Garmin Key News & Latest Developments
7.11 FarSounder
7.11.1 FarSounder Company Summary
7.11.2 FarSounder 3D Sonars Business Overview
7.11.3 FarSounder 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.11.4 FarSounder 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.11.5 FarSounder Key News & Latest Developments
7.12 Humminbird
7.12.1 Humminbird Company Summary
7.12.2 Humminbird 3D Sonars Business Overview
7.12.3 Humminbird 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.12.4 Humminbird 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.12.5 Humminbird Key News & Latest Developments
7.13 Lowrance
7.13.1 Lowrance Company Summary
7.13.2 Lowrance 3D Sonars Business Overview
7.13.3 Lowrance 3D Sonars Major Product Offerings
7.13.4 Lowrance 3D Sonars Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.13.5 Lowrance Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global 3D Sonars Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global 3D Sonars Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 3D Sonars Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global 3D Sonars Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 3D Sonars Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 3D Sonars Industry Value Chain
10.2 3D Sonars Upstream Market
10.3 3D Sonars Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 3D Sonars Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Key Players of 3D Sonars in Global Market
Table 2. Top 3D Sonars Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global 3D Sonars Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global 3D Sonars Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global 3D Sonars Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global 3D Sonars Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers 3D Sonars Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers 3D Sonars Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 3D Sonars Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 3D Sonars Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global 3D Sonars Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global 3D Sonars Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global 3D Sonars Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global 3D Sonars Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region – Global 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global 3D Sonars Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global 3D Sonars Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3D Sonars Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 46. Marine Electronics Company Summary
Table 47. Marine Electronics 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 48. Marine Electronics 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Marine Electronics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Teledyne Marine Company Summary
Table 51. Teledyne Marine 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 52. Teledyne Marine 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Teledyne Marine Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. FURUNO Company Summary
Table 55. FURUNO 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 56. FURUNO 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. FURUNO Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Simrad Company Summary
Table 59. Simrad 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 60. Simrad 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Simrad Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. EofE Ultrasonics Company Summary
Table 63. EofE Ultrasonics 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 64. EofE Ultrasonics 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. EofE Ultrasonics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. iXblue Company Summary
Table 67. iXblue 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 68. iXblue 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. iXblue Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Raymarine Company Summary
Table 71. Raymarine 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 72. Raymarine 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Raymarine Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Daniamant Company Summary
Table 75. Daniamant 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 76. Daniamant 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 77. Daniamant Key News & Latest Developments
Table 78. Seatronics Company Summary
Table 79. Seatronics 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 80. Seatronics 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 81. Seatronics Key News & Latest Developments
Table 82. Garmin Company Summary
Table 83. Garmin 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 84. Garmin 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 85. Garmin Key News & Latest Developments
Table 86. FarSounder Company Summary
Table 87. FarSounder 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 88. FarSounder 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 89. FarSounder Key News & Latest Developments
Table 90. Humminbird Company Summary
Table 91. Humminbird 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 92. Humminbird 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 93. Humminbird Key News & Latest Developments
Table 94. Lowrance Company Summary
Table 95. Lowrance 3D Sonars Product Offerings
Table 96. Lowrance 3D Sonars Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 97. Lowrance Key News & Latest Developments
Table 98. 3D Sonars Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 99. Global 3D Sonars Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 100. Global 3D Sonars Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 101. Global 3D Sonars Production by Region, 2024-2029 (K Units)
Table 102. 3D Sonars Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 103. 3D Sonars Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 104. 3D Sonars Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 105. 3D Sonars Raw Materials
Table 106. 3D Sonars Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 107. Typical 3D Sonars Downstream
Table 108. 3D Sonars Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 109. 3D Sonars Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. 3D Sonars Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. 3D Sonars Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global 3D Sonars Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global 3D Sonars Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global 3D Sonars Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. 3D Sonars Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by 3D Sonars Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global 3D Sonars Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global 3D Sonars Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3D Sonars Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa 3D Sonars Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE 3D Sonars Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global 3D Sonars Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production 3D Sonars by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. 3D Sonars Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels
❖ 免責事項 ❖
http://www.globalresearch.jp/disclaimer